How is cryptocurrency taxed in India?

All crypto and virtual digital asset (VDA) gains are taxed at a flat 30% regardless of holding period — no LTCG/STCG distinction, no loss set-off against other income, and no deduction except cost of acquisition. Additionally, 1% TDS applies on transactions above Rs10,000 per year (Rs50,000 for specified persons). The harshest asset class tax in India.